Pediatric flatfoot: cause, epidemiology, assessment, and treatment
David M. Dare and Emily R. Dodwell
Curr Opin Pediatr 2014, 26:93-100
Key points
¡¤ Almost all toddlers and children under the age of 6 have flexible flatfeet.
¡¤ The medial arch typically develops within the first decade of life,
although a small proportion of flatfeet persist into adulthood.
¡¤ Obese and overweight children are more likely to have flatfeet.
¡¤ No evidence exists to support the role of orthotics in changing the natural
history of arch development.
¡¤ Orthotics or surgery may be an option for symptomatic children,
whether the deformity is flexible or rigid.
¼Ò¾Æ Æò¹ßÀº ¼ºÀåÀÇ Á¤»ó º¯ÀÌÀÎ ÅëÁõ¾ø´Â À¯¿¬¼º Æò¹ßºÎÅÍ tarsal coalition, collagen abnormalities, neurologic disease ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ º´º¯¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ß°íÇÏ°í ÅëÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Æò¹ß±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇüÅ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÁÖÀÇ ±íÀº º´·Â ûÃë, ÁøÂû ¹× ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»ç µîÀÌ °¢°¢ÀÇ ¾Æµ¿¿¡°Ô ÀûÀýÇÑ Ä¡·á¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇϱâÀ§ÇØ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
1. º´·Â ûÃë
Æò¹ß ¹ß»ý ³ªÀÌ, ÅëÁõÀÇ À¯¹«, À§Ä¡, ¾ç»ó, ¹× À¯¹ß¿äÀÎ, ¼Õ»óÀÇ º´·Â, °úÀ¯¿¬¼ºÀÇ °¡Á··Â ¹× ȯ¾ÆÀÇ Æò¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸È£ÀÚÀÇ °ü½É ºÎºÐ(¿¹) ¹ßÀÇ ¸ð¾ç ȤÀº ÅëÁõÀ̳ª ±â´ÉÀû ¹®Á¦ µî) µî¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© È®ÀÎÇÏ¿©¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
2. ÁøÂû
¸Ç¹ß°ú ½Å¹ß ½ÅÀº »óÅ ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼ º¸Çà ¾ç»óÀ» °Ë»çÇÑ ÈÄ ¹ßÀº ¾î±ú ³ÐÀÌ·Î ¹úÀÎ »óÅ¿¡¼ Á߸³ À§Ä¡¿¡¼ Æò°¡ÇÑ´Ù. À̶§ üÁß ºÎÇÏ ½Ã ³»Ãø ¾ÆÄ¡ÀÇ Á¸Àç ¹× navicular prominenceÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í heel valgusµµ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. °í°üÀý ¹× °æ°ñÀÇ ¿°Àü Á¤µµ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ°í(°úµµÇÑ °æ°ñ ¿Ü¿°ÀüÀº Æò¹ßó·³ º¸Àϼö ÀÖ´Ù) °í°üÀý, ¹«¸, ¹ß¸ñ ¹× °Å°ñÇÏ °üÀý, ÀüÁ·ºÎ °üÀýÀÇ °üÀý°¡µ¿¹üÀ§µµ ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù(¹ß¸ñ ¹èÃø ±¼°îÀÇ Á¦Çѵµ Æò¹ßÀ» ¾ß±â ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù). Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ½Å°æÇÐÀû °Ë»ç ¹× ligamentous laxityµµ Æò°¡ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
Figure 1. Seven-year-old with asymptomatic flexible flatfeet. (a) Weight bearing, the arch is diminished, and hindfoot valgus is apparent. (b) Weight bearing on toes, the arch reconstructs and the hindfoot appropriately swings into varus
3. Áø´ÜÀû °Ë»ç
1) X-ray
°¡´ÉÇϸé üÁߺÎÇÏ »óÅ¿¡¼ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù. ÀüÈÄ¹æ »çÁø¿¡¼ Meary's angle(talar-metatarsal angle)À» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿© Æò¹ß¿¡¼ ¿ÜÀüÀÇ Á¤µµ¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ°ícoalitions,À̳ª accessory bones µîµµ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Ãø¹æ »çÁø¿¡¼´Â lateral Meary's angle, calcaneal pitch, navicular height µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Æò¹ßÀÇ Á¤µµ¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ºñüÁߺÎÇÏ »çÁøÀÎ internal oblique view´Â calcaneo-navicular coalition È®Àο¡ ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ¼ö ÀÖ°í external oblique view´Â accessory navicular boneÀ» º¸±â¿¡ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù.
Harris-Beath view´Â subtalar jointÀÇ middle facetÀ» º¼¼ö ÀÖ°í oblique medial facetÀÌ 20µµ ÀÌ»ó °¢ÀÌ Áö¸é subtalar coalitionÀ» °·ÂÈ÷ ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.
Salzman view´Â axial weight bearing view·Î heel valgus °¢µµ ÃøÁ¤¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÏ°í ÃÖ´ë·Î Á·Àú ±¼°î°ú ¹èÃø ±¼°îÇÑ Ãø¹æ »çÁøÀº oblique talus¿Í congenital vertical talus¸¦ ±¸º°Çϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù
FIgure 2. A-P foot X-ray showing talar Figure 3. Harris–-Beath view showing
under coverage. Lateral X-ray showing an oblique medial facet consistent with
decreased calcaneal pitch and apex fibrous subtalar coalition.
plantar Meary¡¯'s angle.
2) CT and MRI
CT´Â tarsal coalitionÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â µ¥ °¡Àå ÀûÇÕÇÑ °Ë»çÀÌ°í MRI´Â posterior tibial tendonÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ̳ª fibrous ȤÀº cartilagenous coalitionÀ» Æò°¡Çϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù.
4. Ä¡·á
ÇöÀç±îÁö ¼Ò¾ÆÀÇ À¯¿¬¼º Æò¹ß¿¡ º¸Á¶±âÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °úÇÐÀû ±Ù°Å´Â Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÌ´Ù. À¯¿¬¼º Æò¹ßÀ» °¡Áø ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¾Æµ¿Àº Áõ»óÀÌ ¾ø°í Ưº°ÇÑ Ä¡·áµµ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÅëÁõÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ß°íÇÑ Æò¹ßÀ» °¡Áø ¾Æµ¿µµ Ưº°ÇÑ Ä¡·á°¡ ¿ä±¸µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª ÅëÁõÀ̳ª ±â´ÉÀû ¼Ò½ÇÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â º¸Á¶±â³ª ¼ö¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ µµ¿òÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.